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I Know Dino Podcast Present Notes: Rapator (Episode 91)

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    In our 91st episode, we had the pleasure of talking with Dr. Ellinor Michel, who presently does analysis on the Pure Historical past Museum, London, Division of Life Sciences, and is the chair of the Trustees and Administration Board for Associates of Crystal Palace Dinosaurs.Crystal Palace Dinosaurs

    Along with their web site You too can discover the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs on Fb or Twitter. Or you may watch a number of movies about them like The Misplaced Valley of LondonThe Seven Lethal Brokers of Destruction, or take a look at the Emerald Ant who constructed a travelling model of their most iconic sculpture.

    Episode 91 can also be all about Rapator, a megaraptoran just like Australovenator.

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    On this episode, we talk about:

    • The dinosaur of the day: Rapator
    • Friedrich von Huene named Rapator in 1932
    • Unclear what precisely the title means
    • Von Huene didn’t present an etymology in his paper, and the phrase “rapator” doesn’t exist in classical Latin, and typically reveals up in Medieval Latin and means “violator”. It’s attainable Von Huene was going for Latin phrase “raptare” which suggests to plunder and thought rapator meant “plunderer” or it was a misspelling of raptor, which suggests “thief”
    • Kind species is Rapator ornitholestoides
    • Species title means “Ornitholestes-like” and was named that as a result of the Rapator bone discovered was first thought of to be just like Ornitholestes
    • Carnivorous theropod that lived within the early Cretaceous in what’s now New South Wales, Australia
    • Holotype is of a left hand bone, present in 1905 on the Lightning Ridge (fossil is opalised)
    • Bone is 2.75 in (7 cm) lengthy
    • Bone is just like a primary finger of an alvarezsaur or a primitive coelurosaurian
    • Additionally just like Australovenator, which was found in 2009, and based mostly on that, considered a megaraptoran
    • Estimated to be 30 ft (9 m) lengthy, based mostly on being just like Australovenator (one other theropod)
    • Australovenator and Rapator could also be synonyms (Agnolin and colleagues stated in 2010 Rapator was nomen dubium as a result of solely having fragments, however White and a staff discovered variations between the hand bones of Rapator and Austrolovenator. Additionally Rapator and Austrolovenator have been discovered in numerous formations which can be 10 million years aside, in order that they’re almost definitely two totally different genera)
    • Rapator and Walgettosuchus may be synonyms. Walgettosuchus is a theropod present in the identical formation. Solely a caudal vertebra of Walgettosuchus was discovered, so it’s not clear whether it is its personal genus (additionally opalised)
    • Megaraptora is a gaggle of enormous carnivorous theropods
    • It’s controversial the place they stand phylogenetically
    • Some scientists assume they’re a department of allosauroids, others assume they have been coelurosaurs associated to tyrannosaurids, and others assume they’re avetheropods
    • An unnamed dinosaur present in Lightning Ridge in September 2015, often known as “Lightning Claw” (could also be synonymous with Rapator) reveals that megaraptorids in all probability developed in Australia, then unfold to Gondwana in evolutionary radiation
    • Evolutionary radiation is “a rise in taxonomic range or morphological disparity, as a result of adaptive change or the opening of ecospace.”
    • Enjoyable truth: The Worldwide Fee of Zoological Nomenclature regulates the scientific names of animals. Now we have talked fairly a bit in regards to the “Precept of Precedence” which states that the earliest title will get priority, however there are a number of different key guidelines: However in circumstances the place the identical writer refers to an organism by a number of names, or when a number of individuals title the identical organism on the similar time, the “Precept of the First Reviser” applies. Principally the primary subsequent writer who chooses and publishes a call of which title must be adopted will get to determine. That is successfully how Antrodemus valens was chosen over Poicilopleuron valens. After all later, Antrodemus was thought of a nomen dubium as a result of the one recognized fossil got here from an unknown location and is of such poor high quality in comparison with comparable Allosaurus fossils.

    For individuals who could favor studying, see under for the total transcript of our interview with Dr. Ellinor Michel:

    Garret: Dr. Ellinor Michel has a PhD in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, additionally in Geosciences from the College of Arizona, and is presently doing analysis on the Pure Historical past Museum, London. Her major experience is in malacology, the research of mollusks, however she focuses on evolution and ecology.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: It additionally occurred to me, I don’t know if it’s of curiosity, however I obtained fascinated with paleontology as a result of I took my intro paleo course from Jack Sakoski and David Ralph on the College of Chicago once I was an undergraduate and that type of shifted me over into understanding that deep time has rather a lot to inform us about how evolution, the place we learn the way evolution has occurred and tying the latest in with the deep previous turned fairly core to what I believed was the proper solution to go to review evolution.

    Garret: So that you’re not strictly a dinosaur particular person, however do you will have a favourite dinosaur?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Favourite dinosaurs are literally my Crystal Palace dinosaurs, and between them my favourite type of bounces round relying on which one I’m taking a look at most intently. However the two Iguanodons and the dynamic between them in all probability pull my affection essentially the most. They’re those I take a look at them and I see them as outdated associates, after which each time I see them there’s this little a part of me the place a part of my coronary heart jumps and I believe I’ve seen one thing new of their type of getting old options. It’s that great, there’s a love factor there positively, yeah. So it’s the Iguanodon sculptures in Crystal Palace are the factor that in the intervening time are actually motivating me. It might sound just a little unusual that it’s not a taxon per se. I imply I believe Iguanodons themselves are terrific and I listened to your podcast in regards to the Iguanodons, and I believe it’s a beautiful group. However then the factor that actually will get me going are these first representations of them as potential dwelling animals.

    Garret: Cool. So whereas we’re on that matter what different dinosaurs are within the park apart from Iguanodons? And I do know they name all of them Crystal Palace dinosaurs, however lots of them aren’t truly dinosaurs.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, and in reality we use the time period the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs to refer not solely to the, what was 31 sculptures of extinct animals after which additionally there are geologic illustrations that there have been a complete collection of them round the entire space, and now we’re left with fewer, however they have been depictions of how geology works. So we use the time period Crystal Palace Dinosaurs, and I often capitalize the D to point that it’s type of a correct noun, and it refers to all of the sculptures, now there are 29 of them left, and the geologic illustrations. Of these there are solely 4 sculptures which can be actual dinosaurs. There are two Iguanodons, the fabulous megalosaur, and the hylaeosaur. These are the unique Owen described, after which the remainder of them are marine reptiles, the early amphibian like animals and extinct mammals. That’s all.

    Garret: Cool. So the Crystal Palace is sort of an attention-grabbing factor as a result of initially the Crystal Palace was an precise type of palace. It was a giant steel-enclosed constructing constructed for the 1851 Nice Exhibition in London, however then they made these dinosaurs a couple of years later. Have you learnt why they made these dinosaurs? Was it identical to an accent for the constructing?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, nicely so 1851 the world’s first Nice Exhibition was put up in Hyde Park in central London down in the midst of city, and it was a little bit of an experiment. They usually obtained permission to place it within the heart of the park however they have been solely allowed to maintain it there for six months. That was the deal. However it was such a smashing success that they determined to attempt to discover a solution to hold it going, and there was lots of enterprise wheely-dealie stuff occurring with the enlargement into the suburbs, and the little suburb space of Sydenham and Penge and Norwood was simply on the level of being developed. And the blokes who owned lots of wind up in Crystal Palace, I’m talking from there proper now on this space, thought that what they may do is make just a little deal about getting a bunch of practice stations put into the world, carry within the Crystal Palace, after which out of the blue develop this area as a solution to enhance their earnings and a solution to develop London. In order that’s principally what occurred. They moved the Crystal Palace to Hyde Park in its part items, and I believe one of many issues that was superb about that constructing was that it was primarily the primary giant prefab constructing. So that they took it down into its part elements, introduced it all the way down to South London which is about seven kilometers away, one thing like that, put it onto a practice, rebuilt it in a really brief time period on the highest of what’s primarily the second highest level on this a part of London. A terrific location with a view. After which made a giant park with 200 acres round it, and so they crammed the park with issues to amuse individuals, to tell individuals, and to type of attract crowds. It was a type of early, one thing like Epcot Middle within the U.S. A type of Disneyland with just a little bit extra deal with training. And contained in the Crystal Palace they put all types of wondrous issues that they’d had initially. Loads of reproduction archeological stuff, lots of issues about trade, and in addition some actual materials. And so you might pay to enter the Crystal Palace and see all these wonders however in addition they needed to have attracts across the park. So in the event you go down the hill from the place the large palace was, down it takes about ten minutes to stroll into one of many decrease areas, and that is in Penge which is a part of the Crystal Palace catchment space, there’s a type of a hole, and in that space they transformed the panorama to type the geologic tableau of the Crystal Palace dinosaurs.

    Garret: Superior. I didn’t notice that it had truly moved like that. That’s such a loopy factor to do.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: They did all types of loopy stuff, and I believe the credit score on lots of that goes to Joseph Paxton who was, he was initially a gardener however he was certainly one of these kinda bonkers in a great way Victorian visionaries, and he noticed, that’s in all probability additionally why he noticed the location of the Crystal Palace actually wanted to have a extremely lovely supporting backyard, an attention-grabbing backyard round it. So he had heaps and plenty of pursuits along with, he began out in gardening after which expanded into doing this architectural marvel of the Crystal Palace and constructed it in elements. They have been manufactured distant from London and introduced in on canal barges. The glass was made in Smevic for instance by a giant glass producer, and in the event you can take into consideration how giant sheets of glass are made you may think about in 1854, nicely this may have been 1850, making that cup would have been fairly a unprecedented factor, delivery it to London, after which on the dimensions that they did it as a result of it was truly the most important constructing on the time. And that was all a part of the imaginative and prescient of Joseph Paxton, who was initially a gardener, and he made it so it may be taken down and put again collectively once more. I also needs to say that the Hyde Park Crystal Palace was fairly spectacular however they determined to actually huge it up once they introduced it all the way down to south London and so they made it a 3rd once more as giant and so they added a bunch of barrel vault arches, and so these have been the sort of curvy arches with a fan high. And that was an innovation on the time to place that as a part of the roof line, and now you see it all over. I’ve just a little passion once I journey all over the world of on the lookout for barrel-vaulted arches, and also you see them in every single place. I noticed them in South Carolina. In Brussels the European Parliament Constructing appears to be like identical to the Crystal Palace in the event you stand in the proper type of angle. Simply all over. In order that architectural innovation was mirrored all over.

    Garret: Yeah it’s actually a tremendous constructing. I bear in mind seeing it for the primary time, or drawings of it at the least as a result of it’s not there anymore, and being amazed at how a lot glass they’d, such as you stated, particularly for the time, placing collectively this intricate construction of metal and glass the place there’s principally no typical development supplies within the constructing in any respect. It’s so superb.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Precisely. After which in fact it will have all been, inside it will have all been open, empty. I believe you understand it’s a lightweight field on the within so it will need to have been extraordinary to be inside it. Actually simply a tremendous constructing.

    Garret: So there’s a company known as the Associates of Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. Are you in that group?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah. In 2013 my good friend and colleague Joe Cane and I have been having a stroll across the park. Each of us occur to be expatriate People dwelling within the UK and really keen on historical past and the scientific historical past particularly of Britain, and we went to take a look at the Crystal Palace dinosaurs and famous that they have been crumbling fairly visibly. You possibly can’t truly stroll proper as much as them however you may see them from a couple of tens of meters away and you may see, we might see cracks and what we ended up calling toes, tooth and tails have been falling off. And we thought nicely anyone ought to do one thing. And as quickly as that phrase pops into your thoughts you assume nicely who’s anyone, and you understand clearly it must be the authorities in cost, whoever they may be, however they’re not doing it. So we fashioned a associates group then and there, and that’s truly an official designation for a gaggle of people that get collectively to supply a type of optimistic constructive stress on the individuals in cost to get issues performed. So we’re an official “associates group”, we are actually a charity, a registered charity, and our mission is to get conservation work performed on the dinosaurs and pull these toes, tooth and tails again collectively, and the extra necessary structural inside as nicely. And in addition enhance the interpretation across the website and inform individuals why we really feel actually excited in regards to the Crystal Palace dinosaurs.

    Garret: That’s nice.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah. The chums group, we now have a small board {of professional} people who find themselves working voluntarily to make use of their abilities to guarantee that conservation interpretation occurs on the dinosaurs, and that features some fairly hardcore stuff within the conservation space, very technical stuff, after which additionally numerous, far more enjoyable issues round engagement and simply making the dinosaurs, rising love across the dinosaurs making all people notice that they’re celebrities and so they should be celebrated. They’re one of the vital superb issues that was a part of London. They’re a grade one heritage monument, which is the best designation you could get within the UK. Issues which have an analogous heritage designation are like Stonehenge. St Paul’s Cathedral, Buckingham Palace, principally all of the actually very particular monuments within the UK are grade one. And that implies that they’re acknowledged as being crucial for the historical past of the nation and internationally. It doesn’t imply that anyone has to truly do all of the work to preserve them. That really has to return by way of stress and folks eager to see it occur. And that’s what we’re attempting to do now’s construct up the engagement and make all people really feel like these dinosaurs are their dinosaurs.

    Garret: Yeah positively. I noticed a pair photos about a few of them being repaired. What sort of repairs have you ever guys gotten performed up to now?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, nicely we’ve succeeded at getting work performed on certainly one of them, and that’s the well-known standing Iguanodon. And it now appears to be like completely lovely. There are 28 extra sculptures to go so far as conservation work goes with various levels of decay on the sculptures. A few of them are in fairly unhealthy form and a few of them simply want just a little little bit of upkeep and touching up. However the work on the standing Iguanodon was essentially the most pressing. There have been actually giant cracks on the physique probably as a result of some shifting of the bottom beneath it, and so they introduced in a conservation firm that specialised in historic constructions and sculptures and so they labored on it for about six weeks, did an entire total renovation of the construction, placing in pins that are lengthy items of metal that bind it backward and forward and in addition throughout the cracks, they coated over the cracks, re-sculpted the floor, re-painted it and principally changed the tooth to guarantee that they have been all in good condition and actually made all of it look very good. That work although doesn’t come low-cost since you want specialists to do it, so it prices quite a bit to get that performed, and we’re taking a look at a reasonably steep pending invoice on the following spherical of labor to get all of them performed. Now we have had what’s known as a situation survey, which is an official survey of every of the sculptures, nevertheless it’s just a little exhausting to truly nail down the prices precisely. It has ranged between about 600,000 kilos and possibly 800,000 kilos, however whenever you put in implementation prices the general work on the sculptures alone in all probability could be about 1,000,000 kilos. After which after we determine to have an interpretation program that does justice to it will in all probability be about double that. So we’re type of taking a look at type of two million pound total undertaking supreme. That’s not gonna occur in a short time however we’re making progress on getting these items labored on. The work on the standing Iguanodon completed in January. Now we’ve had just a little little bit of a pause and there’s gonna be a brand new spherical of works and that will probably be for a couple of half a dozen extra of the sculptures, and it’ll begin maybe within the subsequent couple of weeks. We’re not precisely certain of the beginning date nevertheless it ought to occur someday in early to mid-August.

    Garret: Nice.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: After which after that we don’t know precisely the place the funding is coming from. We’ll be working to get the council, which is the governing physique that owns the land and the dinosaurs; we’ll work to get them to attempt to put extra funds in for it. They’ve performed so already, together with some funds. So it’s come from Bromley council and from the mayor’s workplace in London. And we’re hoping to get much more coming from them however individuals may notice that issues are just a little bit in turmoil in Britain so we don’t know precisely how issues are going to pan out, and we’ll simply hold our deal with attempting to boost the funds wanted to maintain these heritage constructions from falling down. Then we’ll be turning to main funders which may have the ability to assist us and hoping that we discover associates of dinosaurs all over the world which can be fascinated with ensuring that these sculptures hold standing up.

    Garret: Yeah they arrive up rather a lot in information and simply individuals once they speak about dinosaurs or dinosaur sculptures, Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are sometimes talked about all all over the world for certain.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah you understand there’s a humorous factor, I believe that the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are in all probability just a little bit extra well-known internationally than they’re regionally, and that’s one of many issues that we need to attempt to change as a result of they need to be a supply of completely huge satisfaction for everyone within the space. However I might say that inside this space of London they’re seen as type of a unusual aspect factor and we’ve performed surveys to seek out out what individuals truly find out about this a part of their very own heritage, and you understand like all of those sort of surveys you typically are a bit astounded to seek out that individuals who’ve lived on Crystal Palace Park, subsequent to the park, assume that the dinosaurs possibly date from the Seventies or one thing like that. However the truth is they’re from the mid-Nineteenth century, in order that they have been constructed from 1852 to 1854, and it’s time for them to turn out to be celebrated inside the entire nice issues there are to see in London.

    However I’ve discovered once I journey in museums all over the world that the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are typically extra celebrated overseas than they’re right here. So for instance in Brussels there are panels in regards to the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs due to their connections with Iguanodons but in addition as a founding outreach on paleontology. Apparently they’re in a museum I imagine in Sydney. There’s a remark about them. And also you’ll see references to them all over the world the place they’re acknowledged as actually necessary paleontological monuments. They usually have been the primary ever reconstructions of extinct animals, in order that’s the factor that makes them actually, actually particular.

    Garret: Yeah I simply noticed that taking a look at your web site a few minutes in the past and I had no concept that they have been the primary ever extinct animal sculptures. That’s simply loopy to me.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, at life measurement for the massive ones. I imply in fact to make them, first they have been drawn after which they have been modeled in small fashions after which they have been modeled as a big mannequin after which they have been solid. However they’re the primary ever try at doing this sort of a reconstruction, and that’s the factor that makes them actually necessary.

    Garret: Yeah it’s actually cool. Have you learnt what they’re made out of?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: We’re actually, actually fascinated with that. So we now have a type of a multi-pronged program, and I’d say one of many important elements of our program is to look into the conservation areas. After I say conservation I imply like supplies conservation like supplies sciences, and we’re within the historical past of how they have been made, what the supplies are, after which how that’s weathered by way of the years and what we are able to do to maintain it in good condition. In order that’s all elements of the conservation program, and we’ve obtained a terrific conservation staff with a pair skilled conservators main that and a bunch of scholars and outreach occurring, and so it’s actually very lively. However we’ve been seeking to attempt to discover out from every of the sculptures what they have been manufactured from. We’ve obtained a number of totally different historians of concrete, or I ought to accurately say historians of mortar are taking a look at skinny sections for us. We’ve obtained a historic paint analyst who’s simply at this second taking a look at very tiny little layers of paint and searching on the historical past of the colour of the standing Iguanodon. Now we have a piece of it that I’ve now taken to her workplace. And so we’re principally attempting to recreate the fabric historical past of the sculptures themselves. And they’re manufactured from type of a variety of objects. As you may think about within the mid-1800s the best way that folks made concrete is just a little bit totally different from now, and in addition the dinosaurs have been made by an artist, a really proficient artist named Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins, and he experimented with supplies in a bunch of various ways in which may need been fairly totally different from how somebody who’s developing a home for instance would do with mortars, concrete, and issues like that.

    So whenever you take a look at the constructions themselves they’re manufactured from a variety of issues. The standing sculptures, the big ones I ought to say, are primarily small buildings standing on pillars. So the standing Iguanodon and the megalosaur for instance are successfully small brick homes which can be standing on brick pillars, after which they’ve had elements opened out in order that whenever you truly put your head inside they’re hole on the within. You possibly can see out of the mouth as a result of that’s open and there’s daylight coming by way of, and on the within it’s very darkish, however when your eyes regulate to this inside space you may see bits of tiling on the within. So that they type of smoothed it out barely. Brickwork, and whenever you do a cross-section by way of the construction itself you discover that it’s a mix of some brick in elements, some type of gravel pulled along with mortar, after which an outer layer that may be rendered with one other type of concrete after which sculpted on the floor, partly solid, partly sculpted immediately on the floor. And every a type of are totally different. There are particulars picked out in every of those sculptures that typically are metallic, and people have survived variously and are being changed in numerous methods, in order that they’re every of them made in barely alternative ways. And that presents a tremendous conservation problem since you’ve obtained all these totally different supplies put collectively in kinda wacky methods. How do you truly do the conservation work in order that all of it stays collectively? It’s not as if it’s made of 1 single sort of materials. It’s not like conserving let’s say a marble sculpture and even only a concrete sculpture; it’s the type of amalgamation. And I also needs to say that once they made it they did some helps on the within with iron, hoop iron. And hoop iron particularly is a type of flattened layers of iron. And that implies that when it rusts the rust type of piles up into little layers and expands to, I’ll get the quantity fallacious, however one thing like 5 instances its unique thickness. And which may have labored rather well once they first made it however as time goes by and the sculptures climate that hoop iron expanded after which simply triggered main cracks. In order that was one supply of decline of the sculptures through the years. A lot of that has now been excavated and changed with one thing else.

    Garret: Wow.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, so it’s a problem to truly hold these sculptures pulled collectively. It’s a really attention-grabbing and enjoyable problem. Now we have open days deliberate for the conservation stuff and we did one final yr when the Iguanodon was being, standing Iguanodon “Iggy” was being labored on, and it was actually, actually enjoyable. We had six totally different teams of individuals come onto the island and get to look contained in the stomach and take a look at the tooth and climb round on the scaffolding and truly rise up shut and private with the sculpture. It was a heck of a day as a result of there was additionally an enormous storm that got here by way of, so we have been doing this in extremely excessive winds. Individuals got here anyway, it was a continuous group of individuals. So it felt actually like a serious expedition getting up shut and private to the massive sculpture, actually, actually enjoyable. And we had our conservation staff explaining issues about how the mortars are put collectively, you understand, how the metallic is getting used and what the challenges are for conservation versus preservation versus restoration. That entire group of type of specialised phrases for what you do with historic objects.

    Garret: Yeah, that’s a lot extra sophisticated than I believed it will be. I used to be simply imagining some like rebar and concrete and then you definately’re performed.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, so so humorous it’s like all job, it’s a mix of that the place a few of it’s actually quite simple and it’s type of jerry-rigged, you understand? And a few of it is rather, very specialised work that requires very detailed stuff. I believe conservation stuff is simply extremely cool, bringing collectively the historical past and these challenges of supplies is superb. It’s nice. And I simply have to face again and marvel on the abilities of the folks that do it. They’ve obtained my admiration.

    Garret: Yeah, simply the subject of changing that iron that’s rusting contained in the concrete appears unimaginable to me. That should be a really distinctive talent.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, they’re surgeons, surgeons of concrete sculptures.

    Garret: That’s nice. So in Iggy is there often a gap you could stick your head up in or was that lower in order that they may do the restoration work?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: I’m fairly certain that it’s unique as a result of there’s one in every of the massive standing sculptures. These are actually gated so in the event you have been to be a naughty particular person and soar onto the island you couldn’t truly get in in the intervening time. We’ve obtained them locked up. However it was years and years in the past, a long time in the past, that these holes have been open. And so whenever you converse to native individuals within the space they’ll typically get a type of a wistful glazing over within the eyes and so they’ll say you understand once I was a youngster we’d get on the island and we’d, you understand, we’d get contained in the dinosaurs. And in order that did occur and it reveals up truly in individuals’s writing in regards to the dinosaurs as nicely. However now they’re positively locked up and closed up and so you may’t go in.

    Garret: Gotcha. Is that the place the confusion, I used to be additionally studying in your web site that they aren’t certain, there was that well-known ceremonial dinner, whether or not it was contained in the reproduction or if it was contained in the mould. Is there sufficient house the place you might truly match a bunch of individuals inside that standing Iguanodon?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: You possibly can match a couple of. You possibly can in all probability match a pair individuals. The within is just a little bit like a deep-sea submersible. It’s in regards to the measurement of a small automotive, and you may sort of squeeze in possibly two individuals, three individuals, one thing like that. And as soon as they’ve obtained the helps in there it will get fairly impractical. So the dinner had an invite record of necessary individuals listed of about 20 totally different individuals I believe, and so it’s completely clear that they weren’t all sitting inside it doesn’t matter what, whether or not it was within the mould or whether or not it was truly contained in the sculpture itself. What they may have performed is put a trestle desk with the couple most necessary individuals on the head, and that may be Richard Owen, possibly Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins because the artist however he was additionally type of the one who was coordinating this publicity stunt, and some of the opposite necessary paleontologists and businessmen who made this all attainable. So it’s attainable that there was a type of a T-structure of a trestle desk that seated a pair individuals contained in the dinosaur after which the remainder of it type of protruding the again, going out the aspect one way or the other so it vaguely appeared as in the event that they have been all inside it. It was very nicely stage-managed; it was a stroke of genius I believe to try this PR occasion.

    Garret: Yeah even now it simply seems like such a exceptional concept to go inside both a mould or the precise sculpture and have a cocktail party with all these elaborate dishes and issues earlier than the opening.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, yeah. I imply it is among the issues that has captured individuals’s imaginations within the 160 years since then, and folks point out it to us on a regular basis. We are actually working with a extremely terrific road theater and training firm known as Emerald Ant who’ve made a life-size reconstruction of Iggy, and it’s a convertible stage that has a lift-off lid and inside they’ve a small theater space with a desk and the truly do some theater piece that reconstructs the historical past of geology from about 1812 to 1860ish in Britain. They do a play that type of reveals all that and it’s pitch-perfect. IT actually does the job nicely as a result of it’s traditionally very correct, however it’s simply screamingly humorous type of road theater stuff the place you understand numerous type of loopy issues are occurring. They usually had their launch in Lyme Regis within the Fossil Competition with an viewers of a pair hundred individuals at a time, numerous performances, and so we’ve obtained the dinner within the Iguanodon is definitely being launched proper now. Hoping to journey across the UK to colleges, festivals, issues like that to truly carry the story of geology and of the paleontology and in addition the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs simply as a spot, carry it round to all people and guarantee that it’s all type of a part of their cherished historical past.

    Garret: That’s superior. You talked about that there’s an island that the dinosaurs are on. May you clarify what that’s? I don’t know if I’ve seen what meaning.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, okay nicely possibly taking just a little step again, Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was the artist who designed the entire sculptures. So you understand Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins has turn out to be my hero within the technique of this. I didn’t even know he existed earlier than and I believed Richard Allen was the man making all of this occur, however Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was the artist who introduced these dinosaurs to life, and he was working in troublesome circumstances in a pair alternative ways. One, fairly clearly he was working with very fragmentary proof and also you take a look at the variety of fossils, of bones that he needed to pull collectively to attempt to reconstruct the animal, and so they have been typically very, only a few. Richard Owen is credited because the anatomist who type of pulled collectively the interpretation context for the dinosaurs, and he definitely did that. He was a fully good anatomist. He and George Couvier have been those who paved the best way for our understanding of how animals match collectively and the way you’ll do a reconstruction. And so many people have all the time thought as a result of Richard Owen was given the credit score because the consulting scientist of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs that the entire reconstructions must be attributed to him, however the truth is whenever you look into the historic literature, when issues the place printed, what Richard Owen truly appeared, it appears to be like just like the artist Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins was in all probability the one who fashioned our imaginative and prescient of dinosaurs far more instantly.

    Waterhouse Hawkins was a unprecedented illustrator. He was acknowledged as in all probability the very best pure historical past illustrator of his time. When Darwin introduced his specimens again from his around the world travels they have been pickled, horrible little issues. And he introduced them to Waterhouse Hawkins and Hawkins re-drew them as in the event that they have been dwelling animals that appeared to virtually soar off the web page. So he was that kinda man who might make one thing actually come to life.

    Then he’s working with the fossilists, the paleontologists of the time, and so they current him with a couple of bones, scattered bones, possibly hip bones or a couple of tooth from the brand new finds of dinosaurs, and he put these collectively in the best way that made most sense to him as a eager observer of animal type, and I believe he did an unbelievable job. I imply whenever you take a look at the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs standing there they appear utterly believable. They give the impression of being biomechanically attainable. They really, a few of them are actually recognized to be very, very inaccurate. I imply they’re quadrupeds when they need to be bipeds, however contemplating what he needed to go along with he did a very good job. Benjamin Waterhouse Hawkins then went on after constructing the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs to journey within the US, and he went on a lecture circuit and a consulting circuit, and he was employed in New York Metropolis to construct an analogous tableau in Central Park. And that course of obtained just about underway. It was designed and the sculptures have been within the technique of being constructed in the midst of a shed in Central Park, after which there was a battle with type of a gangster Boss Tweed, and one way or the other this entire factor fell in the midst of it and there was a giant act of vandalism. And Boss Tweed’s guys got here in and broke up all of the sculptures and principally trashed the entire place, and there wasn’t any cash to start out it yet again. And in order that entire undertaking principally died. In any other case we’d have had a parallel set up in New York Metropolis of American dinosaurs that have been being discovered within the a long time after Crystal Palace. However since that type of political battle occurred we don’t have that and it took some time. There have been no different dinosaur parks being put up for actually fairly a while. Nonetheless you may see Waterhouse Hawkins had fairly a little bit of affect within the U.S., made designs for an exhibition corridor within the Smithsonian, his work could be seen in Princeton, and he did a talking tour across the U.S. So he was a widely known man and all of those type of discovery processes had a really worldwide parts even within the 1850s, 1860s, 1870s.

    And one of many issues that he needed to make sure was that the entire panorama, not solely the sculptures themselves however the entire panorama informed the story of geology. And because the I Know Dino viewers is aware of that geology is an excellent factor that tells us the story of deep time and the change of life by way of time, however that was all brand-new within the mid-Nineteenth century, and in reality it nonetheless is model new to lots of people and so the message nonetheless must be informed. However Waterhouse Hawkins took it as a part of his core goal is to translate that sort of a fancy story into one thing actually entertaining and in addition one thing that you might sort of really feel whenever you’re strolling round. So what he did is he set out, it’s truly three islands successfully. It’s a constructed panorama that’s in the midst of a physique of water, type of two lakes at totally different ranges with little tiny waterfalls in between them, and there are these three islands that every symbolize totally different geologic time durations. And he calls them the first, secondary and tertiary islands. And these days we’d correlate that with main geologic epics and what we see as extinction boundaries in between them. However on the time it was simply recognized that these are time durations which have lots of similarity between the fauna, then there’s a change, then there’s a bunch of various fauna, a bunch of various rocks, and one other change. So we now have this type of, a structure that displays what was recognized of the geology on the time. And the sculptures are placed on their time-appropriate areas so whenever you stroll by way of the Crystal Palace Dinosaur website you’re strolling by way of time. I like to recommend beginning within the deep time finish which is on the far proper, and then you definately get Labyrinthodon and Dicynodon, and then you definately transfer throughout an extinction boundary and discover lots of the opposite dinosaurs, and marine reptiles that have been recognized, and mateleosaurs, and then you definately transfer on to the massive dinosaur island, which is the secondary island. And people are those which can be often proven within the photos the place we’ve obtained the three dinosaur teams. The megalosaur, the primary dinosaur, actual dinosaur named, hylaeosaur which is the British forest dinosaur, and the Iguanodons additionally found in Britain. After which we discovered much more about Iguanodons from the massive discoveries in Belgium that occurred someday later.

    Then you definitely go throughout one other little isthmus and also you go into the world the place the extinct mammals are represented. And also you’ve obtained a large floor sloth, Megatherium, and the Irish elk, the large Irish elk bringing us into principally the latest. After which you find yourself on the café which is in fact actually immediately as a result of that’s what you do for your self, that’s our time. So it’s actually a unbelievable stroll by way of time and it’s one thing that folks get pleasure from irrespective of how a lot of their mind they’ve obtained switched on. You possibly can go utterly clean and never eager to have any historical past in any respect, and also you stroll round and also you see these goofy loopy sculptures and that’s actually enjoyable. And in the event you’re two years outdated you find yourself screaming with delight at them and having a extremely beautiful time.

    Trying on the birds as nicely, which is among the nice ironies, is the birds are sitting on high of the dinosaur sculptures. And so that you see this sort of interplay which now we see from a phylogenetic standpoint, an evolutionary standpoint we see that as a relationship. So that you stroll alongside and you may have that sort of leisure worth, however you can even undergo the type of layers of data. And never solely are there the sculptures of the extinct animals, you’ve obtained interspersed in that you just’ve obtained the geologic illustrations. And a few of these, a number of the geologic illustrations are reconstructed to appear to be outcrops that you’d discover in different elements of England. So you’ll discover a limestone outcrop from the Jurassic, and so they’ve introduced in precise stones from a whole bunch of miles away from the quarries the place these items are discovered, after which put them collectively to appear to be the precise outcrop. There’s a actual fossil tree sitting behind the megalosaur, virtually invisible. It’s only a crumbling Jurassic fossilized tree, nevertheless it’s there and it’s been introduced there, it’s the actual factor. So that they did as a lot to be real about it as attainable. As a paleontologist and my companion can also be a paleontologist, we regularly have visits from our skilled friends, and we take them for walks in Crystal Palace Park. And we discover that we are able to speak in regards to the dinosaurs from knowledgeable standpoint, in regards to the didactic inspiration from this website, and our friends are equally fascinated and captivated. They don’t often scream as a lot as a two-year-old does once they see the sculptures however there’s this type of superb engagement. And it’s astonishing, I imply they’re simply sculptures, they’re Victorian sculptures however all people loves them. They’re simply extremely quirky and bizarre however they’ve rather a lot to inform us in regards to the historical past of science and the way science occurs, about what was recognized on the time, and what we all know now, and simply type of giving an intuitive feeling for what these animals appear to be.

    Garret: Yeah they’re actually cool trying, and fairly distinctive.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, so for instance the Iguanodons in Crystal Palace Park, there are two of them. One is standing and one is sprawling. The standing one appears to be like like he’s standing like a pachyderm. He’s standing like a rhinoceros or an elephant along with his ft straight below him and really type of strongly quadruped. After which in entrance of him is one other one that’s sprawling like an precise iguana or a crocodile, type of the legs are out to the aspect. And Waterhouse Hawkins would have been utterly conscious that these are contradictory methods to reconstruct an animal. The musculature was both one or the opposite however not each. What he was doing by placing two sculptures up there may be he was presenting the controversy. As a result of principally the scientific neighborhood wasn’t agreeing whether or not the Iguanodons have been standing like a rhinoceros or sprawling like a crocodile, and so Waterhouse Hawkins simply thought nicely I’ll do each of them and present folks that there’s a debate occurring, present folks that that is what’s being considered, and provides that precise facet of the science life within the sculptures themselves.

    So I might say that once I’m trying on the views of the dinosaurs those that I admire essentially the most is the place you’ve obtained the sprawling Iguanodon in entrance of the standing Iguanodon and also you’ve obtained these two issues interacting, as a result of that to me is such a robust educating software.

    Garret: Yeah, sadly for him it was neither.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Not even shut, neither a type of was even near right. However I believe what must be emphasised what we predict is right is a transferring goal, and that’s one of many important causes of why I believe this website is so necessary for the historical past of science, as a result of it’s actually necessary for everyone to understand that science is all the time transforming itself based mostly on new methods of deciphering and new knowledge. I also needs to remark about these two Iguanodons, not solely is he displaying the controversy there, and Richard Owen was in favor of 1 however not the opposite reconstruction, and he didn’t appear to assume that it was a brilliant concept to place them each there however he kinda in all probability as with many issues he in all probability simply shrugged and went away, and he wrote the little guidebook, put his title on the entrance, and made it appear to be he was accountable for the entire thing. However I believe Waterhouse Hawkins was the one who actually type of pulled all these items collectively. So I believe one of many issues that’s there that was inadvertent on the a part of Waterhouse Hawkins is the sort of the need, is that Waterhouse Hawkins was offered with this single spike for the piles of Iguanodon fossils. And in the event you’ve obtained a bilaterally symmetrical organism and also you’ve obtained a single factor that’s bilaterally symmetric you set it proper on the midline. So he put it on the tip of the nostril of the Iguanodon making it look a bit like a rhinoceros, and so there’s this type of horn sitting on the tip of the nostril. Apparently Richard Owen thought that wasn’t actually an excellent concept. Once more he shrugged, walked away, however Waterhouse Hawkins put it on each of his reconstructions. So that they’ve each obtained this little very cute little horn on the entrance. When extra Iguanodon fossils have been found in Belgium, an enormous cache of them, and it was shortly realized that that spike got here in two per particular person animal, and possibly the very best place to place them was on the thumb. So we now know that that could be a thumb spike and never a horn on the tip of the nostril. However right here in Crystal Palace we now have a extremely huge chortle about that as a result of I began calling it the image of science, as a result of it reveals how the errors could be made after which reinterpreted after which put collectively once more. However as a result of I’ve just a little little bit of a lisp I stated the thimble of science, and all of us burst into hysterics. I’m doing a program about this, as a result of there may be the thimble of science sitting on the nostril of the dinosaurs. We now see this as this type of golden thimble, and we’ve obtained that as just a little little bit of our brand. So we’ve obtained the thimble of science sitting on the nostril of the Iguanodon, and it makes us chortle each time we see it. So all these great, great little tales.

    However, so the Iguanodons are the main target for that sort of story however we’ve obtained you understand an analogous story for most of the sculptures, and I believe there’s a extremely attention-grabbing facet is that as you go into deeper time the oldest extinct animals are the Dicynodon and Labyrinthodon, and people have been essentially the most inaccurate reconstructions. I imply they appear little or no like what we predict Labyrinthodon ought to appear to be immediately. As you go an increasing number of in in the direction of the latest there have been extra fossils, higher reconstructions, and also you get to the purpose the place you take a look at the final within the collection, the ice age mammals, and the reconstructions are very, superb. And in 1854 the reconstruction isn’t all that totally different from what we now have immediately to the purpose the place the Irish elk is just about precisely spot on. We had a great deal of Irish elk fossils on this space in order that they have been very well-known, we’ve obtained good analogies amongst all of the servants immediately, and so all of the deer, and so there’s not a lot of a change within the interpretation and you’ve got a great deal of knowledge to go along with on the stuff that’s most up-to-date. So you may see this entire technique of how science truly works in deep time simply by taking a look at that lowering accuracy as you go into deep time.

    Garret: Yeah that’s fascinating.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, and the factor about strolling by way of the location is that you just sort of really feel these items in a approach that you just don’t whenever you’re studying it in a e book. So yeah.

    One other level, one of many causes this website typically evokes individuals is that the sculptures themselves aren’t solely odd but in addition very lovely in a, only a great approach. And they also act as an inspiration for individuals for literature and in addition for graphic arts. And we now have linked with quite a few artists within the space who’ve painted or photographed or drawn the dinosaurs in many alternative methods, and we’re attempting to drag collectively an summary of the dinosaurs as muses. It’s actually attention-grabbing to see how these sculptures encourage individuals in very, very alternative ways. They’re such unbelievable constructions that actually you may see individuals who have been impressed by them I believe have discovered that their view of the world is modified in a great way. They’re additionally, they’ve a celeb previous. They’re featured in images with quite a few rock teams from the previous. There’s part of a document sleeve from the group Cream taken on the dinosaurs. The punk group The Slits have a photograph session from there. We’ve obtained photos of quite a few totally different celebrities. So yeah, the dinosaurs are celebrities and so they’re additionally inspirations, and they’re muses.

    Garret: Nice.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are firsts in a bunch of the way. First reconstructions of extinct animals, however the different factor that’s truly actually under-recognized is that that is the primary ever giant scale outreach, public outreach on science. In the event you’re going to be very strictly talking about it there was public outreach on science by Faraday who confirmed the electrical course of elsewhere in London, it was I believe a decade or two earlier than the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs, however usually there’s this second of actually fairly a change in perspective that most of the people would have an curiosity in advanced concepts and within the lovely concepts of science and would have a capability to truly take in a few of that. And that second was within the mid-1850s, and the primary time that that was actually carried out was by way of the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs as a serious outreach on science. And that’s true whether or not we’re speaking about pure historical past, the place it definitely was the primary pure historical past outreach, or in science usually. The concept of wonderful the general public and interesting them by way of visible means, in addition to type of presenting the concepts, that was all radical and new. I are inclined to get just a little hyperbolic right here, and I’m going to make a declare that possibly some individuals will need to problem me on, and that’s nice, however to my feeling the concept of pulling in most of the people when earlier than that point advanced concepts have been type of held again as one thing that was solely the area of specialists. To me that implies that that was primarily the time of the delivery of actual democracy, as a result of you may speak in regards to the beliefs of democracy which have been occurring within the late 18th century, however to ensure that democracy to work individuals want to have the ability to take in advanced ideas and have entry to them. And that must be a technique of training and engagement. And when that truly began occurring that was when democracy was truly turning on its engines and actually getting going. So to me that is among the most important elements in regards to the Crystal Palace website, so I see this as not solely the birthplace of speaking about geology, about paleontology, about extinction, deep time, pure historical past, after which once I type of fly off the map I’ll say we are able to even pull in the entire democratic course of into this type of outreach package deal. And then you definately noticed that occuring throughout in a bunch of different alternative ways of bringing the general public into the rarified space of enthusiastic about issues that was beforehand solely the area for scientists or specialists. And I believe that it’s for that cause that these grade one historic monuments must be preserved and celebrated for the celebrities that they are surely.

    Garret: There’s a reasonably broad hole it looks as if when it comes to sculptures of dinosaurs. You’ve obtained the Crystal Palace ones from the 1850s, and I can’t actually consider some other dinosaur sculptures from the 1800s. So that you sort of soar fairly a couple of years earlier than you see different ones which can be portrayed in utterly totally different stances and even their faces and options look completely totally different.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Yeah, and it does appear that, the concept of a dinosaur theme park, it’s one thing that pops up time and again nevertheless it didn’t actually occur till, it occurred within the Crystal Palace after which had another abortive makes an attempt that are actually very attention-grabbing, after which didn’t actually occur once more on a giant scale till the tip of the Nineteenth century. After which there have been a pair extra that shot up. However I might say that the one in Crystal Palace was the one which was type of at its core of far more built-in and pure.

    Garret: Yeah. Switching gears from Crystal Palace Dinosaurs we speak rather a lot about new dinosaur names on the podcast, and there are lots of guidelines that go together with taxonomic organic group naming techniques. What kinda issues are debated whenever you’re speaking about taxonomy and naming a brand new group?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Nicely a part of naming a brand new group is often pretty uncontroversial then if it’s one thing utterly new then it simply must be printed correctly in accordance with the principles, and up to now these guidelines meant that it needed to be printed on paper in a journal, after which in recent times the ICZN and its parallel organizations have modified the principles in order that it’s attainable to publish electronically. That debate went on for nearly a decade and it was very, very heated, however we now appear to have sorted that by the twin growth of archiving instruments for digital data and type of a modernization of views on how that may be accountable. However I might say one of many issues that’s in all probability the following sizzling factor to be debated is what’s a kind specimen? As a result of up to now it was all the time some exhausting object that you just put your palms on, and that often meant that it had a 3 dimensional part. And I believe that also exists however the query of how will we match that in with DNA knowledge and data derived from secondary sources like scanning, which is extra related for paleontologists, that debate is type of ongoing and the identical questions type of rear their heads often each few months, unusually, within the skilled dialogue literature. So there’s rather a lot occurring.

    And the opposite factor I ought to point out for six years I ran the Worldwide Fee of Zoological Nomenclature because the exec sec for that group, so I’ve obtained a extremely robust curiosity in names of animals and typification. So tying down the squishy ideas of taxa all the way down to an archive customary. Principally that’s what a kind specimen is. And what museums are, their core perform are actually in my thoughts.

    After I was listening to a couple of your podcasts and I can’t let you know how delighted I used to be to listen to your enthusiasm and you understand you guys simply wade proper in on that stuff, and it appears as in case your viewers should be nicely versed within the significance of typed specimens and all the method of truly getting the title proper and you understand making it work. I simply cherished that. It was the primary time I’d actually heard that in a science broadcast, as a result of often that’s actually swept below the rug. So I simply needed to say how a lot I admire that.

    Garret: Thanks, we do attempt, though we do get a good quantity of issues fallacious too. However we attempt to be correct.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: Nicely can I let you know engaged on the within of that for a very long time fallacious could be a matter of interpretation, and even among the many fee, the ICZN or commissioners themselves, are all absolutely the consultants in names, nomenclature, nomenclature, whichever you wanna name it, however they’ve variations of opinion on stuff, alternative ways of deciphering the principles of the code, and so the debates that we now have to discipline on the within have been typically fairly fierce. And it was truly for a reasonably legalistic and bibliographic sort of job it was completely fascinating and I actually reasonably loved it. It additionally has an necessary core mission, so I believe it’s an necessary factor to acknowledge.

    Garret: Nice. So I believe that’s about all of the questions I’ve. Is there anything that you just wanna share?

    Dr Ellinor Michel: I assume simply engaged on this undertaking with the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs has made me admire all of the totally different ways in which you talk with individuals, and I needed to thank the blokes who put me in contact with you, Chris Coulson runs an organization known as Lease-A-Dino. He’s obtained a tyrannosaur that runs round and roars at individuals. And in some methods it’s the counter to what we’re about on the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs as a result of we’re in regards to the historical past and I’m unusually just a little bit anti-North American dinosaurs.

    Garret: Oh no.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: I’m a North American initially, however the cause for that’s simply because the British dinosaurs and the type of basis of paleontology in Britain will get just a little bit missed, and any time anybody says the phrase dinosaur the predictable phrase on the general public’s lips is tyrannosaur, or Triceratops, or one thing like that, you understand? And it’s like nicely wait a minute, what about Iguanodons? What about megalosaur? Hylaeosaurs are lovely. What an animal to have found proper right here in Britain. And so in some methods having a strolling, roaring tyrannosaur is barely counter to what we’re about within the Crystal Palace. However then again as quickly as that occurs there’s this emotional response when Chris brings his factor in and this emotional response amongst individuals, and that’s truly a part of a studying second. That’s what I’m having such a very good time with on this Crystal Palace Dinosaur undertaking is doing it in all these alternative ways. So that you’ve obtained a “stay tyrannosaur”, we’ve obtained this road theater engagement undertaking which is totally splendid and simply unbelievable, we’re working with an artist who’s doing great, very cheerful spare however traditionally and anatomically very correct type of cartoon figures of the dinosaurs, I imply principally the entire thing. We’ve performed a play known as the Dinosaur Docs. The Dinosaur Docs are those that are available in and do the conservation work on the crumbling sculptures. We’ve performed a pair movies. We’re working with an ideal filmmaker and historical past tour specialist named Anthony Lewis. He’s performed a brief movie known as The Misplaced Valley of London. 4 and a half minutes of completely pitch good introduction to the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs. It’s additionally type of hilarious camp model so it’s great to look at, after which constructing onto that Anthony and our former conservation specialist Lisa Briarly put collectively the play of the Dinosaur Docs after which they did one other brief movie known as The Seven Lethal Brokers of Destruction, and it’s all about conservation dangers to outside sculptures with the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs as the main target, and once more it’s performed on this type of camp hilarious animated model, and bringing what was an instructional record of conservation threats right into a format that you should utilize to show youngsters of ten years outdated and so they’ll truly discover it actually fairly enjoyable and begin taking a look at historic stuff and say hey look, you understand, it’s crumbling, let’s do one thing about it. And getting the concept there may be some shared duty for our heritage, and that in the event you’re gonna hold your heritage you’ve gotta truly do the work to guarantee that it stays collectively. Yeah, I assume that’s in all probability it Garret, that’s the shout out to a number of the individuals we’ve been working with.

    Garret: Cool, all proper nicely that was a extremely good interview. Thanks for taking the time to speak to me.

    Dr Ellinor Michel: I actually loved it, thanks.

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